Solution- A well mixed mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute.( may be made of any combo of gases, liquids and solids) Solvent- Is the part of a solution present in the largest amount. It dissolves the other substance. (often water - universal solvent)
(gasoline, another solvent) Solute- The substance that is present in a solution in a smaller amount and is dissolved by the solvent. Colloid- A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. (gelatin, fog, milk, mayo, shaving cream, whipped cream) Suspension- A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. (pepper & water) Dilute Solution- a mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. (juice that has added water to the concentrated form) Concentrated Solution- a solution that has a lot of solute dissolved in the solvent. (sap vs maple syrup)(fruit juices - concentrate) Solubility- Is a measure pf how much solute can dissolve in a solvent in a given temperature. Saturated Solution- A solution in which the solute will no longer dissolve in the solvent. (ice tea - can't add any more sugar) Unsaturated Solution- A solution in which you can still dissolve solute in. Supersaturated solution- Is a solution that has more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at its given temperature. Acids- a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red or orange. (lemon, grapefruit- citric acid) Corrosive- Eating away at other materials. (acids do this to metals)(can etch metals) Indicator- A compound that changes color when in contact with and acid or a base. (litmus paper) Base- A substance that tastes bitter, feel slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue. (ammonia, soaps, shampoos)(blue=base) Hydrogen Ion- An atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron (key to reaction of acids)(hydrochloric acid) Hydroxide Ion- a negative ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (bases dissolve in water pH Scale- a range of values from 0-14 that expresses the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Neutralization- a reaction between an acid and a base. Salt- any ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of a base. (negative ion of acid + positive ion of base) Digestion- The process that brakes down the complex molecules of foods. Mechanical Digestion- a physical process in which large pieces of food are torn and ground into smaller pieces. (chewing)(size reduced but doesn't change composition) Chemical Digestion- break large molecules down into small ones. (enzymes - speed up reactions)(mouth-saliva; ph=7 not sour or bitter - amylase enzyme)(stomach - very acidic - ph=2, helps break down, pepcin works best here)(small intestine ph=8, bi-carbonate ions; enzymes complete the breakdown of food)
Key Concepts
1-Understanding Solutions
A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles that are too small to see. (Tap water)(soft drinks)
A colloid contains larger particles than a solution. The particles are still too small to seen easily but are larger enough to scatter a light beam.
Unlike a solution, a suspension does not have the same properties throughout. It contains visible particles that are larger than the particles in solutions or collides. (pepper & water)
When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.
Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent. (salt - harder to form crystals - temp must drop lower to freeze) (liquids vs gas - molecules move different - solute makes it harder for molecules to move away - thus raising the bp)
2-Concentration and Solubility
To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or to the total amount of solution.
Solubility can be used to help identify a substance because it is a characteristic property of matter.
Factors that affect the solubility of a substance include: pressure (gases- soda, divers-benz), the type of solvent (oil & vinegar - polar compounds, paint - water vs oil based) and temperature (increase in temp increases solubility, making candy) (gases exception - less soluble at higher temps - hot soda).
3-Describing Acids and Bases
An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates and turns blue litmus paper red.
A base is a substance that states bitters, feels slippery and red litmus paper blue.
Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.
4-Acids and Bases in Solution
An acid is any substance that produces hydrogen ions in water.
A base is any substance that produces hydroxide ions in water.
A low ph tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is high. In contrast, a high ph tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low. low ph = acid; high ph = base
In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water
5-Digestion and ph
Foods must be broken down into simpler substances that your body can use for raw materials and energy.
Some digestive enzymes work at a low ph. For others, the ph must be high or neutral.
Solvent- Is the part of a solution present in the largest amount. It dissolves the other substance. (often water - universal solvent)
(gasoline, another solvent)
Solute- The substance that is present in a solution in a smaller amount and is dissolved by the solvent.
Colloid- A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. (gelatin, fog, milk, mayo, shaving cream, whipped cream)
Suspension- A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. (pepper & water)
Dilute Solution- a mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. (juice that has added water to the concentrated form)
Concentrated Solution- a solution that has a lot of solute dissolved in the solvent. (sap vs maple syrup)(fruit juices - concentrate)
Solubility- Is a measure pf how much solute can dissolve in a solvent in a given temperature.
Saturated Solution- A solution in which the solute will no longer dissolve in the solvent. (ice tea - can't add any more sugar)
Unsaturated Solution- A solution in which you can still dissolve solute in.
Supersaturated solution- Is a solution that has more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at its given temperature.
Acids- a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red or orange. (lemon, grapefruit- citric acid)
Corrosive- Eating away at other materials. (acids do this to metals)(can etch metals)
Indicator- A compound that changes color when in contact with and acid or a base. (litmus paper)
Base- A substance that tastes bitter, feel slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue. (ammonia, soaps, shampoos)(blue=base)
Hydrogen Ion- An atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron (key to reaction of acids)(hydrochloric acid)
Hydroxide Ion- a negative ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (bases dissolve in water
pH Scale- a range of values from 0-14 that expresses the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Neutralization- a reaction between an acid and a base.
Salt- any ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of a base. (negative ion of acid + positive ion of base)
Digestion- The process that brakes down the complex molecules of foods.
Mechanical Digestion- a physical process in which large pieces of food are torn and ground into smaller pieces. (chewing)(size reduced but doesn't change composition)
Chemical Digestion- break large molecules down into small ones. (enzymes - speed up reactions)(mouth-saliva; ph=7 not sour or bitter - amylase enzyme)(stomach - very acidic - ph=2, helps break down, pepcin works best here)(small intestine ph=8, bi-carbonate ions; enzymes complete the breakdown of food)
Key Concepts
1-Understanding Solutions
- A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles that are too small to see. (Tap water)(soft drinks)
- A colloid contains larger particles than a solution. The particles are still too small to seen easily but are larger enough to scatter a light beam.
- Unlike a solution, a suspension does not have the same properties throughout. It contains visible particles that are larger than the particles in solutions or collides. (pepper & water)
- When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.
- Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent. (salt - harder to form crystals - temp must drop lower to freeze) (liquids vs gas - molecules move different - solute makes it harder for molecules to move away - thus raising the bp)
2-Concentration and Solubility- To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or to the total amount of solution.
- Solubility can be used to help identify a substance because it is a characteristic property of matter.
- Factors that affect the solubility of a substance include: pressure (gases- soda, divers-benz), the type of solvent (oil & vinegar - polar compounds, paint - water vs oil based) and temperature (increase in temp increases solubility, making candy) (gases exception - less soluble at higher temps - hot soda).
3-Describing Acids and Bases- An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates and turns blue litmus paper red.
- A base is a substance that states bitters, feels slippery and red litmus paper blue.
- Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.
4-Acids and Bases in Solution- An acid is any substance that produces hydrogen ions in water.
- A base is any substance that produces hydroxide ions in water.
- A low ph tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is high. In contrast, a high ph tells you that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low. low ph = acid; high ph = base
- In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water
5-Digestion and ph